Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Essay

Studies of twist management address the phenomena of wrench problems and explore the nature of winding technology. Manufacturing technologies atomic number 18 categorized into mass, unit of measurement and continuous process of pro transmission channelions. crook technology is class as a unit production through contrasting social governing body activities and materialations. Although the efficiency of edifice technology is showtime in terms of unit production, it is associated with benefits such(prenominal) as zero stocks and flexibility. This report reserves a description of stuff and nonsenses/techniques apply in the current formulation of unexamplight-emitting diode domestic properties, industrial unit properties, their comparison and unfavourable analysis of the dischargeance of make structures. It also encompasses on the principles utilize by builders to perform their functions, characteristics and behaviour of internal materials utilize in the verbal exp ression.People open been looking for efficient production systems since the industrial revolution. However, approximately projects atomic number 18 still built under traditional way of one-of-a-kind production. drill of IT in twist has also failed to produce the intended results. Therefore, nature of twirl technology needs to be understood more in ordinate to explain inefficiencies that ar surrounding the technology and theory that solves the aspect problems (Sarkar 2008). check to Daft (2004), technology refers to the tools, machines, actions and techniques used in transforming geological formational information and materials (input) into products and service (output).1.0 Construction technology It involves the study of construction techniques to successfully fall upon the rule of the structure with the recommended specifications (Sabnis, 2011). It includes temporary work and study of construction equipment needed to urge the construction process. The recent tre nd is towards constructing taller and lighter expressions. In order to achieve such edifices, sophisticated equipment needs to be employed in the construction process.1.1 Current construction techniques/materials The current methods of construction volunteer chief(prenominal) benefits to snap offers and caparison authorities which reduces the emphasis of on-site activity. This criterion is important especially in the time of increasing demand of an already stretched labour force. Any brand-new implementation of doing things is face up with risks, but such risks hobo be palliate through having good planning and project management. Yvette Cooper, a planning and house minister quoted, people essential ensure that the new homes they ar constructing atomic number 18 affordable to the next generations. This report shows that it is easier to build cheaper and faster victimisation redbrick construction techniques whilst memory spunky prime(a) of traditional methods.1 .1.1 advanced(a)e methods of construction (MMC) Modern techniques of constructing houses full(prenominal)ly-developed as early as 1945 after(prenominal) WWII, it was used by most of the developed countries such as Germany during buildings fabrication after WWII. Later these techniques spread in many countries and they atomic number 18 commonly used in India during the construction process. As technology, construction knowledge and manufacturing processes increase so do the number of available methods of house construction increases to house builders. Modern Method of construction is a collection of new relatively construction techniques aimed at offering advantages everyplace traditional methods (Altenbach, 2013). Conventionally, this is an ara pioneered by self builders, mostly in terms of sustainable construction. As developers sticks continually to the be construction techniques that satisfy buyer demand, self builders view as been willing to research, distort and invest something different so as to achieve individual homes that lose their need.In an effort of increasing lodging demand, shortage of skills and the set targets by Code of sustainable homes, many governments ar encouraging the house-building sector to develop and use MMC technique in an attempt to meet these challenges. virtually of these modern construction techniques evolved from their traditional predecessors. Techniques such as geomorphological insulated panels (SIPS) and thin spliff systems with Air Crete blocks ar part of the on going evolution of timbre frame and masonry construction (Kuzio 2009). Other familiar techniques stimulate developed in the larger scale commercial construction. This has brought alternatives with interesting qualities of house building. Development of steel frame systems and in-situ concrete techniques led to the development of insulated concrete forms (ICF).1.1.2 Advantages of modern methods of constructionReduced impact on residents and effect of weather on production defyled manufacture and reduced fuel consumption and disruptions as a result of fewer materials delivered.Reduced construction defects and time consumed.High quality buildings1.1.3 Modern domestic properties1.1.4 Illustrations Larger construction components freighter be co-ordinated into either MMC dwellings or conventionally built. They argon not full lodgment systems, but they are factory made or site-assembled. This category comprises of the quest components and sub-assemblies.This involves a series of assembled components and pre-fabricated ground beams to form quick and accurate initiations (Koerner 2005).These are pre-fabricated panels traffic patterned specifically for radical construction. Fewer on-site labour hours are needed per square meter of floor, and the reduced work at high has safety and potential health benefits (Hearn 2012).It involves designed pre-fabricated panels specifically for pitched roofs. These panels are very stiff which are designed to leave the loft release of props and struts, thus allowing easy production of room in the construction of the roof. These roof cassettes piddle away the building bring to pass water weight more quickly than cut roof constructions or conventional trussed rafter.These are roofs assembled at ground aim before the shell of the dwelling is constructed. It mountain buoy be craned into place immediately the superstructure is in place hence creating a weather tight structure more quickly rather than accumulation the roof in situ (Corum Scotland 2010).Factory made dormers are used to go up the roof watertight making process. Pre-fabricated lightweight lamp chimney piles made from factories are mounted on the roof structure without using masonry flue, thus making them suitable for construction of a lightweight frame. These chimney stacks canful accommodate flue liners hence functioning with conjure appliances.Wiring looms Cabling systems are manufac tured in a way that they can quickly be assembled with relatively unskilled labour. They are made of various(a) lengths terminated with plugs that are plugged into sockets and other electrical items (Quinn 2008).Standards are overcritical steps from development and research to marketplace adoption. Today, many industries are faced not only with managing technological development march, but also with pressures of how to do so cost-effectively, efficiently and with environmental and frequent safety being in mind.The appearance, energy efficiency, component materials and habitable structures environmental impacts have dramatically changed over the last few years. This is as a result of successful calibration of processes, new materials and technologies. This section provides a sample of more recently developed shows and construction technologies, which has been facilitated by provision of the needed standards by ASTM foreigns technical committees. These standards have swept off te chnologies of new construction to the brief board and into the currently built environment.A Buildings genuflect 5488940117475Exterior Insulation and Finishing Systems (EIFS) were used in Germany after WW II to surface buildings that were damaged by the conflict ravages. They are lightweight, systems of multi-layer barrier that helps in celebrateing moisture from outer walls. With several components, from foam insularism panels fastened to the lower-ranking and a substrate coat, to the fill outing coat and reinforcing mesh, EIFS is a complex system with materials required to connect successfully for years so as to keep moisture at bay (Noble 2011).EIFS standards development has been the severalise role of ASTM international Committee E06 on buildings performance since 1990s. Their subcommittee E06.58 on finishing systems and exterior insulation published its first EIFS standard, test methods used in determining open frame strength tensile of reinforcing mesh of glass f ibre. This publication was for use in class PB finishing systems and exterior insulation, after it was exposed to atomic number 11 hydroxide solution in 2000.Stone masonry Veneer 548894093980The design emancipation and cost savings offered by the products of infernal region masonry veneer have led to their increased use in architectural projects. In comparison to ingrained stone, manufactured stone veneers can be precisely colored, reinforced with steel, and have a predictable and durable life. The appearance consistency of the manufactured products makes continual use of materials as a trim or ornament economically feasible. Additionally, older structures can be renovated with manufactured veneer stones that replicate the deteriorating stones appearance (Gunn 2012).It is a technology in which sealant adhesives are used to attach the glass to a building. In the last 20years, morphologic glazing has experienced exponential growth. It has been in use in industrial constructi on and other city buildings all over the world.Wood-plastic Composites Since 1990s, recycled plastic and wood screw up has been used as environmentally friendly and economic alternatives for decks. Components such as cladding, railings, hammering, siding and trim, door frames and window and structures such as small commonalty benches.Concrete, which have been in use for a long time in construction of roads and structures is developing in a way that make it less expensive, more varied, safer, easier use and even more environmentally friendly. For example, a self-consolidating concrete that flows into forms was proposed in 1980s theory by a Japanese scientist. It has recently become viable as it used in infrastructural projects just about the world. It properties are achieved by applying high- come in-water-reducing mixtures it increases the total quantity of fines applying admixtures that modify its plastic res publica viscosity (Li 2011).The innovative building enclosures d esign relies less on aside successful precedents than use of building science. This is a result of changes in methods and materials resulting from building innovation technology. Earlier building enclosures were only expected to provide a degree of environmental separation and be durable, but the recent structures must address issues like day lighting, energy efficiency, fire safety, thermal comfort, and indoor(a) air quality and carbon footprint (Grondzik 2008).In half a century ago, wall performance requirements were outlined which are now relevant to all components and enclosure systems. The following are the major(ip) considerations that were identified inflexibility and strengthControl of heat flowControl of airflowControl of water vapour flowLiquid water control faecesDurability and stability of materialsFire, aesthetic considerations and costSince the time of Hutcheon, additional objectives such as environmental impact consideration associated with building materials and m ethods and the need to provide secure and safe buildings have been adopted. The acceptable requirements of wall performance were covert indoors traditional materials and methods of construction. With the modern building science advent, they have become more explicit in response to technological innovation. The table downstairs summarizes the requirements of contemporary performance and their corresponding assessment parameters.Moderator versus separator A critical principle used in building science involves the difference betwixt moderation versus environmental separation. For example, fire and smoke control movement is a strategy that attempts to completely elucidate fire and smoke from the indoor environment. The nuzzle employs a fire-related assembly that fully controls leakage of smoke by virtue of the construction of its airtight and in some cases, the air pressures control among compartmentalized spaces. Moderation involves a strategy where the difference in the m idst of outdoor(prenominal) and indoor severity environments is moderated within the tolerable threshold. For example, heat transfer control does not seek to minimize the rate to zero, but to a level that satisfies energy efficiency, comfort requirements, and the control of wetting/condensation. The following table summarizes the key control strategies for building enclosures design, which is involved in moderation strategy.A follow of the corresponding control strategies and physical phenomena indicates the control of moisture migration is of the most important control function that needs to be addressed by designers. Problems of moisture in buildings are common and vary broadly in consequences and types. These consequences range from cosmetic flaws to structural failure and in some cases the occupants health can be affected adversely as in the case of mold growth leading to respiratory and allergic problems.2.0 Range of construction forms2.1 supply and access of internal divisi on of spaces within buildings Service integration should be jointly considered by the architect/designer, service and structural engineers. The interface between the fabric and the structure in concert with the service triggers can cause problems. These problems can be in terms of the need to have re-route services within the structural elements or the purpose of passing through those elements (Luraghi 2008). Both structural and non-structural integration methods should be considered. The following are some of the spaces and divisions that an architect needs to consider.They should be installed so as to provide access to a building roof. The installation and design of the anchorage and the attachment system for the ladders should be expound in MMAH standard supplementary.Fuel-fired appliances should be installed in service rooms from the buildings remainder by fire separations with the fire rating metro which is not less than one hour.A more than 600 mm high roof space needs to be provided with floor access immediately before the hatchway that is not less than 550 mm by 990 mm or by a stairway. It consists of duct spaces and jacket, which is more than 600mm wide and 1200mm high, shall have inspection doors. It should not be less than 300mm in both upended and horizontal dimensions placed so that the entire space or duct interior can be viewed (Kuzio 2009).A fabric is a material structure selection, engineering, proper design, installation and fabrication of all work together to ensure a sound structure (Foster 2010). The role of material in the structures performance makes the selection process important. This is true particularly with air-supported and tensile structures because their frames, as well as their membranes carry the load.Membrane materials Fabrics are typically laminated and cover with synthetic materials for environmental resistance and greater strength. Most of the widely used materials are polyester coated or laminated with PVC, woven fibreglass that is coated with silicone or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Films, Meshes and other materials also have appropriate applications.Polyesters It is the most frequently base material used collectable to its cost, durability, strength and stretch. They are coated or laminated with PVC films and thus they are the least expensive for long-term fabrications. Laminates consist of vinyl films over knit or woven polyester meshes. Coated fabrics typically use a high-tensile, high-count coated fabric with a bondable substance at the base for unneeded strength. Lighter fabrics are commonly used insulated and acoustic liners suspended under an envelope of a structure. For long-term exterior application, heavier materials are needed fabrics with give coatings of PVF or PVDF (Zhu 2011). These top coatings are responsible with providing a protective finish to withstand environmental degradation.Vinyl-coated polyester It is a common fabric used when producing tensile structures, such as canopies, walkways, custom-designed awnings, smaller air-supported structures, tent hall and light member-framed structures (ManCuso 2012).Properties of building materialsGroup PropertiesPhysical Shape, Density, Size, Specific Gravity etc.,Mechanical Strength, Plasticity, Elasticity, Toughness, Hardness, Ductility, Brittleness, Stiffness, Creep, Impact Strength, cloy etc.,Thermal Thermal conductivity, Thermal capacity, Thermal resistivity, etc.,chemical substance Corrosion resistance, Acidity, Chemical composition, Alkalinity etc.,Optical Colour, Light transmission, Light reflection etc.,Acoustical Sound absorption, expression and Transmission.Physiochemical Hygroscopicity, Swell and Shrinkage callable to moisture changes3.2 Comparison of materials/techniques used in construction The use of steel in the residential construction and housing sector has grown rapidly over the last ten years. This has been facilitated due to the growing appreciation of the pe rformance benefits arising from the nature of the off-site of the construction process, which is particularly important in mixed-use or urban buildings. Steel construction technologies of an off-site increase the speed of construction and improve the final quality of the building, and can add points to the Code for Sustainable Homes. The main steel market in this area is in multi-storey residential buildings, and mostly mix-use buildings.Domestic buildings versus industrial buildings A building classified as domestic is one which an individual uses as a dwelling place and provides separate family living quarters for separate family units (Richardson 2008). On the other hand, building not used in contact with a residence and not located on the same computer software as a residence, it is classified as industrial property. Most of the industrial/commercial buildings have been using pre-fabricated construction such as ceiling panels, prefab wall panels, flooring system and plaste rboards to create interiors of offices (Domone 2008). Prefab materials provide the option of buildings customizing for specific needs such as water and fire resistance and soundproofing. However, individual owners of homes have not yet gained enough self-reliance with prefab construction. This increases its demand for commercial spaces and from large developers but use by individuals in their homes is yet to gain popularity.4.0 Critical review of how building structures perform Organization structure may be considered the organizations anatomy, providing the foundation in which the organization functions. Hall (1977) noted from simple observation that an organizational structure affects its members behavior. The particular buildings structure is a major determinant of the peoples activities within it. Hall suggested two rudimentary functions of the structure each of which may affect organizational performance or individual behavior within the industry. First, they are designed at least to minimize or regulate individual variations influence on the organization (Brown and London 2000). Organizational structure is also the setting in which decisions are made, power is exercised, and organizations activities carried out. Van de Ven (1976) highlighted the structures immensity both at the subunit levels and the organization for the performance of organizations.Conclusion Construction technology produces goods and provides services at the same time. The construction process is having low predictability and is highly uncertain. Many intermediate items are integrated and created by gentleman operations with low standardization, mechanization and automation. The benefits of construction technology include high flexibility, zero stock, and satisfactory social needs. As these benefits appreciated, industry that is responsible with construction should consider improving integration of construction job site activities. Thus, we should find out and understand t he construction technology fundamentally before successive e-construction programs and construction automation.ReferencesAltenbach, H. (2013). Advanced materials modeling for structures. Berlin Springer.Brophy, V., & Lewis, J. O. (2011). A green Vitruvius principles and practice of sustainable architectural design (2nd ed.). London Earthscan.Domone, P. L., & Illston, J. M. (2010). Construction materials their nature and behaviour (4th ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon Spon Press.Foster, J. S. (2010). Structure and fabric (6th ed.). Harlow Longman Scientific & technological.Grondzik, W. T. (2008). Principles of building commissioning. Hoboken, NJ J. Wiley & Sons.Kuzio, T., Kravchuk, R. S., & Anieri, P. J. (2009). State and institution building in Ukraine. 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