Seizures and the Sight of God :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Seizures and the Sight of God Researchers interested in the connection of the brain and religion absorb examined the experiences of people suffering from Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Apparently the increased electrical activity in the brain resulting from seizure activity (abnormal electrical activity within localized portions of the brain), makes sufferers more susceptible to having religious experiences including visions of supernatural beings and near death experiences (NDEs) (9). Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) sufferers also may become increasingly obsessed with religion, the study and practice of it (1). wherefore is it that this form of epilepsy results in religious experiences among the other supernatural experiences possible? Can people who have never analyse or practiced religion be susceptible to these same religious experiences? Why do some interested researchers claim that such notable figures as Paul on the road to Damascus, Joan of Arc, Ellen color of the Seventh-Day Adve ntist Church and other persons suffered from TLE because of their range of reported experiences with God, angels, and demons (1,3)? In my first paper, I highlighted the connection scientists have made between religious experience and the brain. In this paper, I intend to focus on Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, as one of those connections, specifically the symptom of hyperreligiousity. In 1997 Vilayanur Ramachandran and his colleagues from the University of California at San Diego headed a research study. The team studied patients of temporal lobe epilepsy measuring galvanic skin response on the left hands of the patients (11). This measurement allowed the research team to monitor arousal (specific autonomic sick system response) and indirectly surmise the communication between the inferior temporal lobe and the amygdala, both important in response related to fear and arousal (9). In addition to two control groups a religious control group and a non-religious control group, each group was shown forty words, including violent words, cozy words, and simple words (like wheel), and finally, religious-related words. The results of the study showed a greater arousal in the temporal lobe epilepsy sufferers to religious words in comparison to the non-religious, whom were aroused by sexual words, and religious control groups, whom were aroused by religious and sexual words (10). Ramachandran and his team concluded that although the patients were not experiencing seizures or experiencing supernatural occurrences at the time of testing, they were extremely sensitive to religious words. Thus, the experiences of temporal lobe seizures strengthened the patients interest in religion (11).

All The King’s Men :: essays research papers

The title of the record is All The Kings Men and the Publication see to it for this book is 1996.The author Robert Penn Warren was a very(prenominal) famous author. His manner was full of many achievements that helped him develop recognized. He even won the Pulitzer Prize for this book All The Kings Men. Warren was inspired to write this book because when he was younger he lived in the state of Louisiana and around this metre Huey P. Long was already an established politician. Warren started out writing poetry but then turned to writing refresheds. His works are loved and valued by many and even used in todays schools. It is safe to say that Robert Penn Warren was one of Americas most magnificent writers.This book takes appear in the southern part of the United States in the 1930s. Although Warren never reveals the true setting of this book, one can conclude that this took place in Louisiana seeing how Warren became inspired in that state by a person who is mirrored in this very book. Part of this new is in Mason City. Another place in this novel is Burdens Landing Jack , the main character, goes there many times because this is his hometown. This novel is mainly about the rise and fall of the political figure Willie Stark told through the eyes of his business associate and friend Jack Burden. Willie stark in his early political career is all for helping the people and trying to do what is best for them. As he gains power and the trust of his people he soon becomes corrupt by the evils of success.CharactersJack Burden- He is the narrator of this story and he is the companion of Willie Stark. He works at a newspaper come with before getting a job from Willie after they become acquainted . Readers will learn his story while they are learning about the life of Willie. Willie Stark-He becomes a treasurer of Mason City and from there his political career takes flight. After becoming a treasurer Stark decides to study law and become a lawyer. After he rece ives some success he runs for governor and becomes a power-hungry politician.Sadie Burke-She was an employee and mistress of Willie Stark. She has a crude behavior and has an outspoken personality. Later she becomes very intolerant in all the women Stark is with.Two reoccurring motifs and symbols are The Great Sleep and the Hospital.

The Boston Massacre and Other Contributing Factors of the Revolutionary

The Boston Massacre and Other Contributing Factors of the Revolutionary warfareThe Boston Massacre was not the only cause of the Revolutionary War. There were many events before and after that also contributed to the start of this war. They were the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, declarative Act, Townshend Act, Quartering Act, Tea Act, the Boston Tea Party, and Coercive Acts. One of the first taxes put on the colonies by Britain was the Sugar Act.The Sugar Act of 1764 was to raise capital to help Parliament run the colonies. This act put a tax on goods such as molasses, coffee, and sugar. It also required shippers to have a expatiate outline of their cargoes. Smugglers could also be tried in admiralty courts. If convicted, the offenders lost both the cargo and the ship that carried it. Most colonists believed they should only be taxed by a political relation they had elected. They did not like this taxation without representation. The Stamp Act was then passed to help raise money to run th e colonies.The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in March 1765. This Act taxed the use of printed materials such as deeds, marriage licenses, advertisements, newspapers, diplomas, customs documents and even playing cards. Many colonial assemblies were against this taxation and wrote petitions demanding the repeal of this act. The first hold resistance were riots caused by the Sons of Liberty who believed in action rather than talk. So, Parliament repealed this Act and then passed the Declaratory ActThe Declaratory Act was a education of power. It said the colonists were under the control of Parliament and they could pass any law they wanted. This Act did not settle the issue of taxation without representation. When the Stamp Act was repealed, the colo... ...s Prestons cast of the Boston Massacre http//odur.let.rug.nl/usa/D/1751-1775/bostonmassacre/pres.htmAnonymous. The Boston Massacre http//www.tiac.net/users/amerins/mass.htmCameron, F. Boston Massacre http//hana.asij.ac.jp/el ementary/links/currlink/5-m/cameronf.htmFrancis, Russell. Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill. Mahaw, NJ Troll Associates, 1963.Garraty, John. American History. New York, NY Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.Garraty, John. American History. New York, NY Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982.Garraty, John. The Story Of America. Austin, TX Rinehart and Winston, 1994.McDowell, Bart. The Revolutionary War. Washington,DC National Geographics Society, 1967.Muzzey, David. The american People. Boston, MA Ginn and Company, 1927.Morrison, Alex. The Cause of the Revolutionary War http//www.ctbw.com/amorris.htm

Ancient Corinth Essay -- Greece Ancient History Historical Papers

Ancient Corinth?Unlike most other cities in the ancient world, Corinth was a city destined for prosperity and longevity no exit who occupied it or how it was governed.? It is as old, or older, than any other ancient Greek city, with origins that lie only in myths and legends that are more than two kelvin years old.? Little is known of who established the city or when it was actually founded.? What we do know is Corinth was a very important city and it became a major(ip) player in ancient Greek and Roman history.? ?The main reason for the existence of Corinth is the same reason for its greatness.? The ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean world produced this city surface of geographical and commercial necessity.? The southern most part of Greece is very nearly an island, attached to the main landmass by only a four gnarl wide isthmus, with the Corinthian Gulf to the west, and the Saronic Gulf to the east.? Corinth sits along this narrow isthmus, making itself one of the most important trading and commercial centers of the ancient world.? Corinth was positioned perfectly amongst the two greatest political city-states in ancient Greece, Athens to the north and Sparta to the south because, any traffic from these two cities, as well as anyplace else to the north and south, had no choice but to pass through Corinth.? The east and west traffic, on the other hand, had a choice to pass or not pass through Corinth, though limited as that choice was (Barclay 1).? The only sort to sail east to west in the Mediterranean was all the way around the southern tip of Greece, known as Cape Malea.? Cape Malea was considered the most dangerous Cape in all the Mediterranean due to its risque seas, contrary winds, and difficult navigation (Engel... ...hey knew they could not keep such a gold mine lying in ruins.? So Corinth did not die, instead it was a cultural hubbub for over a thousand years. BibliographyBarclay, William. The Letter to the Corinthians, Revised Edition . The Westminster Press,? Philadelphia.? 1975Engels, David. Roman Corinth, An Alternative Model for the Classical City. University? of Chicago,? Chicago, 1990.Papahatzis, Nicos. Ancient Corinth, The Museums of Corinth, Isthmia and Sicyon.? Ekdotike Athenon S.A.? Athens, 1981.Papakyriakou/Anagnostou, Ellen. ?History of Corinth?.?www.sikyon.com/Korinth/history_eg.htmlParada, Carlos. ?The Seven Sages of Greece, mingled with Legend and History.?http//homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/SevenSages.htmlPerianderStrabo. ?Geography, 8.6.20-23? (Late 1st Century BCE-Early 1st Century)?www.abu.nb.ca/courses/Pauline/images/StraboCor.htm

Cooking From South Africa Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cooking from due west AfricaHundreds of years ago the empires of West Africa flourished and expand through trade on the edge of the Sahara desert. Today, these lands are occupied by modern nations after a long and brutal history throughout the lands of Africa. stretchiness from Senegal to Nigeria, these lands are rich in resources, ranging from wet coastal rain forests to the Sahel at the edge of the desert. Along with expansion came the foods of the region of West Africa, which are rich in flavor and reveal the wonderful diversity of African cuisine. The land south of the Sahara is full of history and contains a full array of foods, revealing the culture and creativeness of the vast resources that encompass the land (Jackson 3).West Africa encompasses a wide band south from the Sahara Desert to the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, with very different climates accordingly. Ancient traders would obligate frequent journeys across the desert to exchange salt and spices for gold, along with ivory and slaves in the south. The Empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai expanded and flourished as a result of the trans-Saharan trade. This trade was crucial for West Africa and for many years this trade was the only interaction West Africa had with the rest of the world (Jackson 8). In the fiftee...

Cooking From South Africa Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cooking from West AfricaHundreds of years ago the empires of West Africa flourished and expanded through trade on the edge of the Sahara desert. Today, these lands atomic number 18 occupied by modern nations after a long and brutal history throughout the lands of Africa. Stretching from Senegal to Nigeria, these lands are rich in resources, ranging from wet coastal rain forests to the Sahel at the edge of the desert. Along with expansion came the foods of the region of West Africa, which are rich in flavor and reveal the wonderful diversity of African cuisine. The land south of the Sahara is full of history and contains a full array of foods, revealing the culture and creativity of the vast resources that encompass the land (Jackson 3).West Africa encompasses a wide band south from the Sahara Desert to the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, with very different climates accordingly. Ancient traders would make frequent journeys across the desert to exchange coarseness and spices for gold, along with ivory and slaves in the south. The Empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai expanded and flourished as a result of the trans-Saharan trade. This trade was crucial for West Africa and for many years this trade was the only interaction West Africa had with the rest of the world (Jackson 8). In the fiftee...

Environmental Benefits And Challenges Of Urbanization Essay

This paper has been written to analyze in-depth, the pollution, covering air, water, chemicals, and separate such(prenominal) related issues in the United States. Further, I would also be developing an environmental health teaching plan to address one of these issues. Environmental issues are becoming very prevalent in todays world. The question is why the environment and its concerns are becoming more(prenominal) prevalent, important and famous now.For this, we willing need to look at the history. For decades we have neglected this seemingly dangerous issue due to which it has been going unnoticed. The reason we never before paid hear to this concern or issue is because this issues repercussions were not evident in the previous years. As no such notice imageing this issue was interpreted into consideration, it could not even be rectified. (Abel & McConnell, 2007).However, with the advent of global warming and other factors such as acid rain, prevalence of carbon dioxide and th e ever increasing penetration of green put forward gases has put many lives at stake making many people fear that this world will not continue to live or survive for more than 10 years from now on that means that by 2018 this world will have used most of the resources and this is essentially due to the wastages of resources available to us.The basic thing that we have to consider here is to think hard ab issue the issue as to how we can keep our cherished resources from depletion, disappearance and from vanishing. To answer this question we can simply say that we should use our resources optimally. (Kemp, 2007). It is believed that the next war that would be held would be for the sole purpose of resources. The 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre highlights the hidden objective of the resources.Although this act would be illegal and an immoral thing or practice, therefore many countries other than the one going for the war would object to this act for spoiling the world peace . U. S is a super position of the world and it is always trying to impart hold of the resources. They are doing this by capturing resources, snatching them and raiding the countries that have abundant of these resources such as O. P. E. C countries and countries with no or minimal worrys of the water shortage or the countries thave abundant of resources like the crude oil, natural coal and the natural gas.(Harris 2004). The reason why near countries have been the target of the United States is because although these countries might have some kinds of resources, however they do not have any resources that can be used to combat the threat or the attack coming from the super power such as the US and countries that are the allies of the U. S. such as European Union that also includes Turkey. Furthermore, these countries have a very weak defense team and military, but the most important two factors that are responsible for their vulnerability are mentioned below. Lack of Decisive an d Prowess Leadership. Ignorance to the current affairs and the intelligence. This is one of the major problems that might create huge problems for the countries US has their eyes on. With all the afore mentioned details to the problem, now let us go deeper in to the affects of the ignorance this problem environment maturation that is also supported by the fact that he next war expected to take place is on the resources. The mere resources which were once used with out any fear of them being depleted once are now being depleted all because of the lack of the knowledge and the lack of the far beholding of the problem.Now this problem has become very prominent and inevitable. The depletion of resources is not a small problem but it is vice versa. It is a very big problem that can greatly affect our future generations and if this problem goes unsolved today then our generations will have no future or to put it more realistically our future generation is going to be at the mercy of an unsafe future with lots of pollutants in the air. Therefore, if this problem goes unrectified then its repercussions can be innumerable, our future generation is at stake and now is definitely the time to act upon.(Horner, 2007). The United States of America, in past many years have taken initiative to contribute towards environment uplift and betterment of the environment. Environmental hazards do not have any boundary. The boundaries separating the countries subordinate to environmental impacts. Global warming, green house gases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide penetration know no boundary and their impact is much due to which there is a dire need now is to prevent exposure to these hazards.However, the US cannot alone can not take any initiative to combat this seemingly deadly hazard and so it requires input and the additive effort to prevent this penetration in to our lives and body but as the US is one of the major super powers of the world, it must take the initiative. Furt hermore, US is healthy equipped with resources and can lead the world to save the environment. (Houghton, 2004). US has repeatedly been warned of the repercussions of the gases from chimneys that their factories and companies are producing and how their industrial wastage is discarded.Furthermore, US have broken many protocols and pacts on this regard and continue to exploit environment. US can also be given the name of one of the worlds biggest pollutants. The environments can also affect worldwide marketing decisions and the planning system of the countries. This is because two different states have two different governments and thus having different polices and laws. Therefore, the marketing decisions that are taken in a country are different from each other according to the social, economic and political environment that exists in the country. (Kitchen & Schultz, 2000).Reference Abel,D. C. & McConnell,R. L. (2007). Environmental Issues An Introduction to Sustainability. 3rd Ed n. scholar Hall, Paperback. Horner,C. C. (2007). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Global Warming and Environmentalism. Regnery Publishing, Inc. , Paperback. Kemp,D. D. (2007). Exploring Environmental Issues (Kindle Edition). 1st Edn. Taylor & Francis. Kitchen,P. &Schultz,D. (2000). Communicating Globally An Integrated Marketing Approach. London, Macmillan Business. Scorecard. (n. d. ). More Facts on Pollution. January 3rd, 2009. Retrieved from http//www. scorecard. org/

Disciplinary Action

Some issues regarding the caller-ups corrective actions towards the employees misbehavior has arisen. Usually it is close respectable and legal issues. Some companionships may be too harsh about the decisions and actions towards employee. There are some situations that needed to examine fountainhead before making actions towards the employee. One of the situations that needed a disciplinary action is when an employee has been consistently missing on staff meetings and an oral warning has already been issued by him. May be the company can give the employee a written warning and give him/her a copy of the documents that will prove his absences on meetings.After the employee received the letter and still did not attend any meetings, the employee should be demoted. Attending staff meetings is part of the job. Not attending the meetings means not doing his work as an employee. Another situation when an employee has a 30% error rate in data intro for a high tech company. The employe e should know that he/she is running(a) in a high tech company and a 30% error rate in data entry is big enough for the company to have some problems. If the problem is on data entry on sales, a problem tycoon occur on accounting. First, the company should give the employee a written and oral warning.Let the employee be aware of his/her mistakes and then observe if the employee still commits mistakes on the data entry. If after the warning, the error rate still has no improvement, message the error rate is not lessen, may be the employee can be transferred to another division. The work may not suit for him. Also, make an investigation if on that point is a conspiracy behind the error on data entry, the error might be make intentionally. If the employee has been proven to have done the data entry error intentionally and it really affects the company, the company can fire him/her for work.The employee should do his/her work correctly, mistakes may happen but if the mistakes is so high and is being done continuously, there is a problem with the employee. Additional situation is when an employee is absent from work, on a yearly average, 15% of the time. For this situation, if the absences are still allowed by the companys policy then there is not much can be done on this situation than to ask the employee to lessen his/her absences and explain to him/her the advantages that he/she and the company will gain if he/she have more time to job. If the absences are not allowed by the company, an oral and written warning can be given.If this harming of behavior continues after the warning, the employee can be demoted for not attending his/her duty well. If an employee has been arrested for drunk driving during off duty, there is not much to say about this because the employee is not working during the incident and whatever the employee does outside working hours is not the companys business. What the employee has done is a private matter. The most allowable discipli nary action that can be made is by talking to the employee tell that the company has heard the incident during his off duty.The company may also inspire the employee in a nice tone and manner that what he/she has done might have an effect on the company and ask him to be elaborated next time and avoid driving while drunk. Approach the employee as in a way that the company is caring for he employee. That way the employee might not be offended for the companys action towards the incident because he/she might feel that the company is just caring for his/her safety. The company should study each employees misconducts before giving them some disciplinary actions. Let the employee know their mistakes first and then observe if there are changes on their behaviors.

Family in African-American Literature Essay

In literary pieces such as Alice Walkers invention all(prenominal)day Use, Langston Hughes My mint, and Robert Haydens poem Those overwinter Sundays, the theme of family consanguinitys is significantly evident. In Everyday Use, Walker presents one stage and aspect of a family life when one adult child chooses to watch on her own while the other one stays with the family.Hughes poem portrays his love for his spate which he considers to be a family as a whole. Meanwhile, Haydens Those overwinter Sundays, talks around the narration and description of a boy about his overprotect whom he is not well acquainted with. As the low piece speaks of a story about a family in relation to their heritage, the latter speaks of a boys reminiscence of a father who was never able to show his love directly to his children. These cardinal aspects of family relationships reveal several angles to look upon. Such family situations are influenced by authors own race and heritage.Alice Walker port rays the story of a fully grown-up daughter, Dee, who goes back to home to her home to visit her mother, Mrs. Johnson and her younger sister, Maggie. She arrives accompanied by an African American Muslim man who is currently dating her. She comes home to collect some family possessions which she intends to turn into artistic pieces to be exhibited in a museum.Meanwhile, her sister Maggie grimaces as her sister takes some of their personal belongings including a quilt that her mother has promised to give her as a wedding present. Dee tells her mother that Maggie would only ruin the quilt by using it everyday which puzzles Mrs. Johnson as she could not think of any way to use the quilt than to spread them. When Mrs. Johnson sees the sadness in her younger daughters eyes upon Dee taking the quilt, she snatches it forward and gives it to Maggie. Dee walks away after claiming that their problem is they do not understand their own heritage (Walker).In this story, Walker portrays a family whose eldest daughter has become estranged from them. In the prototypical part of the story, Mrs. Johnson recounts how Dee had hated living in their house and even almost set it on fire when she was young. The concept of a dysfunctional family is kind of present here however, it focuses more on the mother-child relationship rather than every member of the family. It is important to note that Walker do use of the damaged relationship of Dee to her mother and sister to show and illustrate the different types of African American people.On the other hand, Langston Hughes shows his love and appreciation for his people in his poem My People. He does not speak of family but his tone and use of words make it seem as if he is speaking of his beloved family.The night is beautiful, / So the faces of my people (lines 1-2). The possessive pronoun my indicates a certain intimacy between him and his people which is usually employ for referring to a small group of people who shares something i ntimate and parking area such as my family. In this regard, Hughes speaks highly of his race as if he is talking about a family he loves most.The stars are beautiful, /So the eyes of my people (3-4). The comparison of his people to the heavens indicates the depth of his love and care for them as he would to his family. Beautiful, also, is the sun. /Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people (5-6).In the poem Those Winter Sundays, it can be assumed that Robert Hayden personally speaks through the voice of the speaker in his poem Those Winter Sundays. His distant relationship with his father is evident. In this melancholic poem, he narrates about the concealed appreciation of a son for his fathers acts of love by means of writing it in a prose. The narrator tells about the labors of his father even on a cold winter Sunday. However, in the poem, the speaker emphasizes that his fathers great efforts are usually ignored.The title of the poem itself already suggests a background for the readers. The speaker is obviously focused only on the winter Sundays and why it means too much work for the father. In the first stanza of the poem, the detailed description of the speakers father is very noticeable. He illustrated him by means of mentioning his physical condition as he works on cold Sundays.He could have described it in a clearer way by going straight to the point. Nevertheless, he expressed his fathers distressing countenance in a way that the reader can visualize the fathers hands cracked hands and the busy Sundays. The first two lines of the poem somewhat develops a thesis that would cover the whole idea in the poem. Sundays too my father got up early / And put his clothes on in the blueblack cold, (1-2). Sundays should be a day of rest but the speaker stresses that his father still wakes up even before the sun rose to go to work.He further highlights the weary countenance of his father as he describes his fathers cracked hands that ached / from labor in the w eekday weather made / Banked fires blaze (3-5). The poem further shows how heartbreaking the fathers situation must be by writing the last line of the first stanza with, No one ever thanked him (5). With the last line, it is reasonable to consider that the speaker is one of those people who failed to thank him. In this regard, it can be assumed that the speaker is already in his old or middle age when he remembers how his father has shown him love in his own way.Clearly, these renowned African-American writers have frequently used the theme of family relationships to further address the problems of their society. The issues of racism, nationalism, and love are the implicit ideas which are present in the three literary pieces discussed. These authors portrays different types of African-American families which serves as the pattern of the current society that they are in. since the family is the basic unit of society, it is the primary target of societal effects such as racism and ot her social issues. Every problem of the society can become the problem of the family which is why the most meaningful literary works of art somewhat involves the theme of family relationships.Works CitedHayden, Robert. Those Winter Sundays. The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry. Ed. Arnold Rampersad, Hilary Herbold. United States of America Oxford University Press US, 2006. 261.Hughes, Langston. My People. Poem Hunter. 19 April 2009. Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. Ed. Barbara Christian. United States of America Rutgers University Press, 1994.

Establishmont of a Pre-Requisite Integrated Multi-Transit System

ContentssIntroductionPurposeAimResearch QuestionMethodologyWhat is integrating?Multi-modal rider theodolite administrationPublic transfer system in VijayawadaPara- transportation system commissariats in Indian contextTypology of para-transit system of the metropolisRelevance in Vijayawada scenarioSignificance of infinites in theodolite systemTravel form and weather vaneTravel behavior in the metropolisTraffic web and over-crowdingSimplification of route webUrban destruction and flexibleness of infinitesModal doses and frequencePeak and off peak timingsFactors on transportation rateConnectivity MapDistance-Time-Expenditure analysisModal alteration and outgoAn attack to metro rail webIntegration of multimodal rider theodolite system and the function of para-transit commissariatsAbstractionThis paper analyses how the theodolite shade in India and peculiarly in the metropolis of Vijayawada can be redefined with regard to the available renovation forms and the para-transit commissar iats in the metropolis. The bing urban signifier and web play the existent function in the renovation form which can be either collapseial destruction method or constructive method. Though most the adroitness of conveyance are very in the cosmos in the metropolis, the art of incorporating them gives the visual radiation to the create multi-modal theodolite system in that peculiar metropolis. It truly changes the theodolite civilization deep down the metropolis enabling the debut to farther manners of conveyance and terminuss. The bing canal alteration may impact the obliteration of slums which have been profoundly rooted about the canal. The paper besides analyses on all para-transit manners of transit in the metropolis that how it felicitates and contributes to the linking process among the other manners. It besides oversees the futuristic maturation of the metropolis in the urban graduated table where traffic congestion has to be nullified or minimizedCardinal words Multi modal, para-transit, renovation, transit civilization, rider, transportationsIntroductionA developed state is non where the hapless usage autos, its where the rich usage prevalent transit , Gustavo Petro, the city manager of Bogota, Columbia. Transportation system in India has neer been drastically changed over the past decennaries due to the unauthorised land acquisition and unplanned conveyance development. Among the assorted metropoliss, really few are planned whereas others were raised, built and spread-over quickly, in random infinite and crop. It led to farther congestion of roads, streets and prevalent infinites without presenting a opportunity of re-development use. So the transit, where it didnt drama major portion in Indian context was dragged into a alteration, which offered nil less than a mere development and couldnt foresee the futuristic India. The major technological pro exercise failed to come in Indian subcontinent, led to the forceful restriction of traditiona l and available transit. Therefore the theodolite system was kept under-developed for ages, where different manners of transit were introduced but rarely made a contribution to a multi-modal theodolite system. Even Indian sparing system was doubtless incapacitated with the new constructs of theodolite development and much or less the same system prevailed over.The resourceful metropoliss of India still have major manners of transit, which could be efficaciously re-modified into an incorporate system, which promises a simplest and flexible motion within and around the system. The piddle, route and the rail theodolite jointly organize the fastest and easiest transportations, in which the clip factor makes the advantage. The modern epoch besides demands a procedure or an activity, which makes life faster and easier, advancing the aesthetic sense as a whole. The transit has been an ineluctable portion of mundane life, demanding the destruction of preexistent showcaseistics to gua rantee the hereafter needs and necessities. Many metropoliss have started demarcating commissariats for a multi-modal theodolite system where sust personalability and constructions are still conserved.Transportation system is a really commodious subject on which we create different beds of idea procedure to caste up the connectivity and linkage in a proper manner. The transit civilization of India is microchip by bit being changed. We can see the alteration in the completed and approaching undertakings in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. The 20 first century started with the supply rail and subway rail system instead than the suburban and other webs. The promotion of high-speed Express main roads besides paved a manner to the metropolis transit be aftering constructs.It has besides to be menti angiotensin converting enzymed that the multi ordinary theodolite hubs and terminuss have seen into the existent image of a future metropolis. Peoples use di fferent manners of conveyance to make finishs where they use an interphase theodolite manner for doing it economic every bit good as faster. For illustration, New Delhi railroad station has a good entree to make out to the Metro station, metropolis coachs, cars, jinrikishas and taxis easy so that the clip hold in happening another manner of conveyance is negligible. That is the ground why many of its Metro Stationss are located merely above the Highways and Bus terminuss.The interphase of H2O conveyance and the route conveyance can be really good seen in the survey of metropolis of Venice in Italy. How sophistically the prosaic motion migrates to the H2O conveyance and vice-versa could be designed harmonizing to the physiological and geographical character of the metropolis. However, the route transports bring upd to be the decisive portion in the theodolite development, the other manners have to be linked to the route theodolite doing it as the primary manner of conveyance. The gr idiron form of New York, triangular form of Paris and the Radial or Hexagonal form of New Delhi have their ain advantages and disadvantages in its theodolite civilization. What we have to concentrate is to renew the rules and thoughts to work out the jobs and functionality of the theodolite system in a metropolis.A multi modal theodolite system besides demands for the cargo transportations, which have a different impact on the theodolite behavior of the metropolis. The logistics and contracts are involved in the transportations, which deal more into the economic and fiscal stages instead than the design and planning rules.PurposeTo set up a pre-requisite integrated multi-transit system, through the merger of different theodolite manners and systemization of para-transit installations, as the anchor of metropolis transit. To redefine the bing metropolis theodolite webs in a broader degree so that maximized rider transportation, minimized distance and to the lowest degree travel clip are achieved.AimTo re-develop the urban conveyance system of the metropolis cloth.To have a re-modelled railroad corridor including the bombardments and Bridgess.To simplify of route web with regard to inveigh and waterways.To set up cardinal hub for linking all manners of the theodolite system.To systematize para-transit installations linking all manners of conveyance.To exhibit a position on metro/subway development in the farthest hereafter.To substantiate urban destruction to keep the flexibleness of the theodolite.To evaluate existent time-based analysis of transportations within the systems.RESEARCH QUESTIONWhy do we necessitate an incorporate system of all manners of theodolite along with para-transit comfortss in an urban multi-transit system and how can we accomplish this to underscore high transportations and least clip and distance?SCOPE & A LIMITATIONThe paper surveies about the theodolite civilization within Indian context where the instance survey of the web is taken in New Delhi, Chennai etc. The end product of the survey purpose at the metropolis of Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh, which has the range of its theodolite renovation, extends to route, rail and H2O due to the handiness of the railroad corridor and canals of the river Krishna.MethodologyThe multi-modal theodolite system needs tonss of literature survey, informations aggregations and studies which have to be assembled, framed and evaluated. We start with the normal surveies related to the public transit, the concerns of theodolite oriented development, the modal-wise theodolite civilization in India and abroad and the jobs of malfunctioned theodolite terminuss.LITERATURE STUDY The assorted surveies about the theodolite oriented developments in the linked States of America prove to be critical in this scenario. The more the accessible it is, the public interphase will be much more than we expect to be. The handiness being the major component of the theodolite web, the governments star ted believing about the re-development of few theodolite Stationss depending upon the public interphase. Furthermore the handiness, it really started working out the other factors responsible for the transportations and motion. For case, a to the full rail auto can take 200 autos from the route and a rail coach can take 20 autos from the route. ( Public transit ) . Taking the broader image, through the statistical analysis in the United States of America, Los Angeles County Metropolitan transit authorization has seen a 40 % addition in ridership on underpass since the proviso of existent clip information was established. ( Public Transportation ) It bit by bit fosters the communities to walk more and drive less . However, the car assiduity sustains even though, it has lost its higher manus in the system, favored the assorted manners of public conveyance system to come up to the competition. That is how the metro systems vie a important portion in modulating the theodolite harmoni ousness of the metropoliss of United States of America.The public conveyance in the Indian metropoliss has the worst state of affairs in the subcontinent, though it is easy accessible from anyplace in the state through different manners. The information shows the secluded conveyance being dominant doing the traffic congestion and pollution.In the Indian context of multi-modal theodolite, Kashmere gate and Anand Vihar in New Delhi serve the intent of it suiting the riders from tube every bit good as the interstate bus terminal increasing the handiness and connectivity.DATA COLLECTION Several studies have to be conducted on for the consequences related to the transportations, clip and distance.Travel time-distance study in public conveyance, para-transit options ( prosaic, rickshaw and auto-rickshaw ) and private owned conveyance.Differential function of existent distance and covered distance between two different manners. ( Railway and Bus ) .Time taken for the average alteration fr om one to another and vice-versa. If there is a difference, why?Survey of figure of people utilizing public and shared conveyance instead than in private owned. Subsequently their portions in the current traffic in the metropolis.Survey on transportations from and to in a manner of conveyance with regard to clip.What is INTEGRATION?Integration is a procedure or an act of intermixing of different topics into a individual value giving a combined advantage of both. In this context of conveyance system, the theodolite modals must hold been established long clip back. But the existent integrating of the different theodolite manners is the questionable factor to be accomplished. Many of the Indian metropoliss, including Vijayawada, are besides on the-verge of theodolite integrating which enables the limitless entree of public transit and minimized private intercession. WSA ( 2007 ) information gives us a visible radiation in the theodolite civilizations in Indian metropoliss along with A sian monopolies. Public transit and incorporate theodolite systems in European states and American provinces prove to be a critical component in the planetary development of the full subcontinent.Multi-modal rider theodolite systemAs many understand, multimode conveyance refers to a conveyance system normally operated by one bearer with more than one manner of conveyance under control or ownership of one operator. It involves the usage of more than one agencies of conveyance such as a combination of truck, railway car, railroads, airplane or ship in sequence to from each one ( www.etamad.com ) . It drives the urban development of the full metropolis in its physical, socio-economical and internal web. It is one of the decisive functional facet of the metropolis traffic.Public conveyance system in VijayawadaVijayawada metropolis is wholly a theodolite oriented metropolis as the route, rail and H2O conveyance have the major impact in its history, civilization and the physical geograph y. It has a immense railroad terminus since it has been declared as one of the biggest and busiest railroad corridor. The chief two roads in Vijayawada starts from the Old Vijayawada part diverge to run into the National highway-5 which lays the bosom of the metropolis. The H2O canals were the historic grounds of merchant but turned to be sewerage and refuse remover of the metropolis in the existent sense.Talking about the route conveyance system, APSRTC ( Andhra Pradesh State Transport Corporation ) runs its services throughout each and every corners of the metropolis from 5 am to 12pm with a sum of 500 metropolis coachs and tube coachs holding about 2000+ day-to-day services ( PNBS at Once, 1991 ) . Pandit Nehru Bus Station operates another 2500 trips of other ordinary/express/interstate coachs off from the metropolis. It is one of the successful corporation holding a record figure of services in South India. The bus final is the 2nd largest in India ( The New Indian Express, 201 4 ) after ISBT Kashmere Gate, New Delhi ( Economic Times, 2013 ) . It has succeeded in linking people and services, finally affecting the populace into the system. The response from the public gave a green visible radiation to the maximal coverage in most of the corners of the metropolis.Para-transit commissariats in Indian contextThose services which in-turn support the chief watercourse of manners of conveyance and link them through sophisticated webs are normally known as para-transit system. It generates batch of travel options and form in travelers which can be opted to be used consequently. Although it is non straight linked with a to the full flourished conveyance manners say Bus theodolite, it really add ups

The Honor Code

This course will survey the significant events, personalities, and changes in military affairs that occurred between the colonial peak and the present day. schoolchilds are expected to grasp complex theories and ideas pertaining to the interpretation of American Military History. Requirements Students are required to attend every syllabuses and are expected to confirm up with the assigned readings. Students are besides expected to submit four graded writing assignments and participate on four discussion days.Finally, each scholarly person is expected to complete an in-class mid-term and a nett examination held during the Universitys prescribed examination day. Grade Breakdown Writing Assignments 30% (1 0% each) Final Project 15% Participation 5% Mid-term 25% Final Exam 25% Writing assignments Students will submit three typed retort papers, each 3-5 pages (750 to 1,200 words) in length, in response to three assigned ledgers. These assignments are due on February 3, treat 3, and April 7. They will be in response to J. K.Martins and Edward Lenders A Respectable Army, Perry Gaminesss and Grady Machinerys Attack and Die, and Robert Les curbs Helmet for My Pillow. TO beat a high grade, each student must demonstrate four things First, each student must concisely and accurately explain the hands central argument. Since Lessees book is a memoir, there will non be an argument as such, but a central theme. Identify the central theme. ) State the thesis clearly in the first paragraph. Second, each student must summarize the evidence or examples utilized by the author.Third, each student must offer an analytical brush up of the book. (This means critiquing the scholarship, not the authors writing style). Fourth, students must cite their sources, and to do this, they must use footnotes or endnotes. (For assistance in the proper format, see http//press. Chicago. Deed/books/pillbox/ turban_acidification. HTML. ) Emailed papers will not be accepted. Late papers w ill not be accepted except in the elusion of emergencies, and in case of those emergencies, students must provide proof that the emergency situation occurred.Final Project. On April 28, students will submit a final put up paper, 7-10 pages (1 , 750 to 2,500 words) in length. Read the final book assigned to this course, Craig Mulligans The Unforgiving Minute, and write a critical review of it. Adhere to the guidelines described in the section on Wavering assignments. However, in explaining Analyses argument, your final project must do two additional things. First, it must clearly define the unforgiving minute. What did Manually mean by this express?Second, this paper must identify, in your own opinion, the five most important moments in Analyses military education. What five moments most well-prepared him for combat? Students must appropriately cite their sources. (Use the Chicago Manual of panache-?see http//press. Chicago. Deed/books/TU proper citation format. ) Emailed paper s will not be accepted. Late papers will not be accepted. Participation On February 3, March 3, April 7, and April 28, students are expected to need read the books assigned for those days.They are expected to participate in an informal discussion of the material with their classmates and instructor. Non-participation in these discussions may declaration in a 0% for each students participation grade. Mid-term On March 5, students will take an in-class mid-term. Students must bring a blue book to class to submit their response. Responses not written in a blue book will not be accepted. Anal Students will take a final examination on April 30. Students must bring a blue book to the exam to submit their response. Responses not written in a lee book will not be accepted.Final Grades Final Grades are earned according to the following point system. A Conduct Students should remain courteous and respectful at all times. Students must also adhere to the Universitys principles of academic in tegrity-?the pursuit of scholarly activity in an open, honest, and responsible manner. All students should act with personal integrity, respect opposite students dignity, rights and property, and help create and maintain an environment in which all can succeed through the fruits of their efforts. Dishonesty of any kind will not be tolerated in this course.Dishonesty includes, but is not limited to cheating, popularizing, fabricating information or citations, facilitating acts of academic dishonesty by others, having unauthorized possession of examinations, submitting work of another person or work previously used without informing the instructor, or tampering with the academic work of other students. Old Dominion University adheres to an Honor Code. The Honor Code applies to all work done for this class. Any violation of the code, even one as minor as the accidental omission of quotation marks, will result in a failing grade for the assignment in question.Plagiarism in any form is not acceptable. Any student who violates the rules specified below will receive a zero for the assignment in question, perhaps a failing grade for the course, and may be subject to disciplinary action by the university. For much information, please consult http//al. Odd. Deed/al/ resources/undergrad. SHTML. 1 What is plagiarism? Old Dominions Catalog defines plagiarism as follows A student will have commit plagiarism if he or she reproduces someone elses work without acknowledging its source or if a source is cited which the student has not cited or used.Examples of plagiarism include submitting a research paper obtained from a commercial research service, the Internet, or from another student as if it were original work reservation simple changes to borrowed materials while leave the organization, content, or phraseology intact or copying material from a source, supplying proper documentation, but leaving out quotation marks. Plagiarism also occurs in a group project if one or more of the members of the group does none of the groups work and participates in none of the groups activities, but attempts to take reference point for the work Of the group. 2)Hints for Avoiding Plagiarism a) More than three words copied in sequence is plagiarism. This is ordinarily a good yardstick to use when wondering whether or not quotes are appropriate they are, if you are copying more than three words in sequence that are not part of a common phrase (e. G. up-to-date). B) When in doubt, cite If you have any doubt about whether or not to cite a source, err on the side of making the attribution. C) Look away. When you are writing, do not have open books or papers in front of you as you type. Read your sources, and then put what you have read into your own words. Avoid Internet sources. The Internet is a fantastic resource and search engines are terrific research tools. But what you find on the Internet was written by someone it is their intellectual property. Also, when it comes to history, many internet sites can factually incorrect. There is no supervision to prevent amateurs from posting absurd interpretations of history. If you absolutely must cite Internet web sites, you must cite the web address, and if you use a quote, use appropriate quotation procedures. E) Paraphrasing is more than changing a verb tense or reordering a list.Essentially, paraphrasing is used to summarize another authors text. A paraphrased passage must be cited. F) Use a Style Guide. Purchase a style guide and refer to it. Your instructor may suggest one that is specific to an academic discipline. You may also ask a reference librarian for recommendations. 3) The High Cost of Plagiarism Plagiarism can ruin your reputation and cost you your professional career, along with the respect of your peers. Plagiarism at Old Dominion University is an act of academic dishonesty that has serious consequences.Note that plagiarism is pacifically covered in the Old Dominion Honor Pledge. Refer to the Student Handbook and the Office of Student Affairs for details about sanctions and penalties for this behavior. Disability Access Statement Old Dominion University encourages qualified people with disabilities to participate in its programs and activities and is committed to the policy that all people shall have equal access to programs, facilities, and admissions without regard to personal characteristics not related to ability, performance, or qualifications as determined by university policy or by state or federal authorities.

Bankruptcy in the United States Essay

The paradox set up between the words pleasure and burn shows something unusual ab expose the characterization of the speakerthat possibly he is a paradox himself and is at odds with what is thought of as normal. Who the speaker is has not been revealed yet, so the reader is solelyowed to form opinions ab prohibited his character in the beginning meeting the fireman. Further into the book, Montag no longer finds a pleasure, and he runs from his job as a fireman. Fin exclusivelyy, the feeling of fire as a pleasure returns when he realizes fire can be used for partial(p)th and comfort rather than for destruction.Diction used (burn, eaten, blackened, changed) creates a fearful mood and an ominous tone from the beginning. Chapter 1 Mood His lips quivered and the spectacles were dimmed with mistwe may stay here till we break-dance with that word the heat seemed to increase till it became a imminent weight and the lagoon attacked them with a blinding effulgence This mood conducts an e motion time to where the boys just came to their senses that they might not make it out of there. Nobody knows they argon there so they realized that they have to fight to make their modality out.Later on they realized that the have to find or at least try to find others that may still be on the island. A foreshadow of this might be we may stay here till we die because since they are alone children from 6-12 they may not make it out of the island Imagery The lock up was so complete that they could hear the unevenness of piggys breathing. The solarise slanted in and lay golden over half the platform. The breeze that on the lagoon had chased their tails like kittens wee finding their way across the platform and into the forest.So we may be here a long time This quote shows that after finding more people they all came to realization that would be there a long time because nobody knows where they are. The boys went silent as they realized what was actually happening. This quote emph asized the awkward silence as they all processed through their heads that they all may not either make it or go home. This symbolized imagery because I could really show up the surroundings and feel how quiet it must have been. Theme I agree with ralph. Weve got to have rules and obey them.After all were not savages. Were English and English are the best at everything. So weve got to do the right things This is in first person This part of the chapter identifies that start of them striving to do the right things. They werent working together so now they are forming themselves into groups, etc. to hold themselves together. The mood of this is determination because to me it seems that these boys are finally finding out to feel what its like to be on your own so they have to stick together in order to live.Civilization vs Savagery Chapter 3 smack Everyones alimentations running off. You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished? This passage is showing how they went to amusement to serious. Because there are a attraction of younger kids in the group it is harder for everyone to concentrate for long amount of times. Causing things to fall apart and now people are getting mad and stressed. This creates a tone of seriousness even though the boys/chiefs are only 12 Chapter 3Mood They looked at each other, baffled, in love and hate. All the warm slat water of the bathing pool and the shouting and splashing and laughing were only just sufficient to bring them together again This passage shows that all it takes is a little fun to realize that everything is okay. The pass few pages were full of everyone just stressing out and fighting and once they began to let loose and have fun ralph and jack realized that it was okay it brought them together again.The mood is relieved and a feeling of happiness There was a ship. Out there, You said youd keep the fire going and you let it out The boys are eager to go home but with the choir out hunting the fire had gone out and the ship had passed them because their signal (fire) burned out. Ralph then became violent and angry and yelled at jack creating a mood of intimidation and anger. HE then released all the stress that had been built up and took it out on the gang.

Modern Technology Essay

Information engineering is playing an increasingly important role in the work and personal lives of citizens. Computers, communications, digital knowledge, software the constituents of the information age are everywhere. There is though, a considerable number of people that are re all(prenominal)y concerned close to the changes that modern engineering science implies, stating that it embodies potential risks to brotherly values, freedoms, and relationships and this is what Sherri Turkle in like manner states in her Forbes magazine article Can You Hear Me Now? .I must agree with Turkles point of view that technology, along with all the positive aspects it brought into peoples lives, it also brought loneliness and sameness of lifestyle because of this abusive way people got to use technology nowadays. But as un standardized to Turkles and millions of other peoples fearful thinking that mankind is developing too intimate relationships with machinery I would say that this eject be absolutely controllable.While it is true that the future of technology is only limited by our imagination, people have to learn that no matter how developed technology force get, the basics of a better life are self-esteem, respect for the others and willingness to self-educate and build up a strong character. According to Dictionnary. com, technology is the branch of knowledge that deals with the inception and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science.Commonly, technology can be define as the science applied to practical purposes. It can be argued that modern technology makes life easier and more dignified for most of people. The first and the major vantage is that medical science is very progressive and vastly available. Without the needed technology a lot of people would struggle with their health. In addition it saves many inculpable lives. The point is to spread it and reach with medicine help to the poor nations of the Third World.Secondly, the advanced technology improves industry by making it more effective and, what is bouncy today, safer for environment. Moreover when we look at TV, personal computer, mobile phone or internet for instance, it is quite obvious that all these inventions have been made in the closing 20 years. Thus the speed of improvement is huge and unpredictable. We can get the fastest ways of communication through modern technology which ties humanity unneurotic like a nervous system ties the posts of an organism together.Today we are connected with every other human being on the major planet in a way people never have been before this leading to globalization through diversity, a very powerful current which is unfeignedly to consider nowadays. On the minus side there is appliancery which is the inseparable issue of the new technologies. Hence the main problem is the proper use of this knowledge. Nevertheless, weapon engineering propels and provides a huge advance. Also, the industry despite highly developed machinery pollutes the globe.On the other hand while many people live in horrible conditions and famine governments spend a lot of money on developing weapon industry. Is it the right way? Modern technology should prevent kind disproportions and not add up even more. Technology entered our lives over a relatively brief period of time with little warning and essentially no preparation. Many who currently use information technology have only a limited understanding of the tools they use and a probably correct spirit that they are underutilizing them.This is why most of the people pay more attention first to their interlocutors coming through the modern gadgetry considered a more elevated audition the real ones have come to fill just a second position. This is where Turkles fair point comes when she describes these peoples feelings Being put on pause thi s is the impression we get when the one we are engaged with in a conversation answers his stall phone or replies to an e-mail or a text message.Another example of the modern technology taking over the unprepared people is the virtual lives they build and end up becoming habituated on that up to a certain point where it can even become dangerous for themselves and the ones close to them. Millions become someone else every day, lying about their age, gender, occupation or appearance. If you can be anything, you might as well be who you wish you were rather than what limits you in the real life. So if someone decides they like their online persona better, and decides to spend as much time in that persona as possible, living virtually are they crazy?These games are addictive by design, and a lot of people get sucked into a virtual world existence, at the expense of their real life happiness. And surely a large part of the attraction is this ability to live an alternate, and in many w ays, happier existence. But this can get really dangerous when it comes to children and adolescents as they may discover world in the Second Life as Turkle puts it in might be much easier and funnier and they can develop serious issues n forming their character and personalities.And the negative effects technology can have on children are numerous less physical movement, lack of attraction towards reading, no sense of responsibility. With parents buying their children cell phones and expecting them to call as often as possible showing them actually how little they trust them, this only adds up to childrens developing a lack of responsibility and a sense of dependence, as Turkle puts in and I agree.The time of self-reflection at adolescence is taken over by quickly communicating a state over the cell phone or through an instant message and emoticons (Turkle) leading to a new dependence in their early emotional lives. Another point that Turkle makes is that technology leaves less or n o time at all to sit and reflect of ourselves uninterrupted and I agree with that. Unless we are really strong as to put away or turn off all the technology around us we cannot get a moment with ourselves as all this machinery can be very distracting.Nowadays, when the rapidness of development and research is so impressive, it is easy to think about the advantages of modern technology. It is obvious that we are close on an era where technology is limited only by our imagination. Therefore the most frequently asked question is Does technology go the right way and will it save or deflower our civilization? I believe that we can just let ourselves carried along with it or we could impose on ourselves in being more aware of the disadvantages also and try to control it.

Cognitive linguistics Essay

The cognitive philology enterprise is characterized by deuce fundamental commitments (Lakoff 1990). These underlie both the predilection and undertake adopted by practicing cognitive linguists, and the assumptions and methodologies employed in the two main branches of the cognitive philology enterprise cognitive semantics, and cognitive approaches to grammar, discussed in further detail in later sections.The first bring out commitment is the Generalization loading (Lakoff 1990). It represents a dedication to characterizing superior general principles that apply to all aspects of tender-hearted run-in. This design is just a special subcase of the standard commitment in science to seek the broadest generalizations possible. In stemma to the cognitive linguals approach, other(a) approaches to the schooling of address often fragmentize the address faculty into app atomic number 18nt argonas such(prenominal) as phonology (sound), semantics (word and sentence importation), pragmatics (meaning in discourse context), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), and so on.As a consequence, there is often little basis for generalization across these aspects of language, or for study of their interrelations. This is oddly true of formal linguals.Formal linguals attempts to model language by positing explicit mechanical devices or procedures operational on theoretical primitives in order to produce all the possible grammatical sentences of a given language. Such approaches typically attempt precise formulations by adopting formalisms inspired by computer science, math and logic. Formal linguistics is body forth most nonably by the work of Noam Chomsky and the paradigm of Generative Grammar, as well as the tradition known as Formal Semantics, inspired by philosopher of language Richard Montague. indoors formal linguistics it is usually argued that argonas such as phonology, semantics and syntax concern significantly different kinds of st ructuring principles operating over different kinds of primitives. For instance, a syntax module is an area in the brain concerned with structuring linguistic process into sentences, whereas a phonology module is concerned with structuring sounds into patterns permitted by the rules of any given language, and by human language in general. This modular gull of mind reinforces the idea that modern linguistics is justified in separating the study of language into distinct sub-disciplines, not only on grounds of practicality, but because the comp atomic number 53nts of language are al peerless distinct, and, in terms of system of rules, incommensurable.cognitive linguists acknowledge that it may often be useful to treat areas such as syntax, semantics and phonology as being notionally distinct.However, given the Generalization Commitment, cognitive linguists do not stir up with the assumption that the modules or subsystems of language are organized in significantly divergent ways, or thence that wholly distinct modules even exist. Thus, the Generalization Commitment represents a commitment to openly investigating how the non-homogeneous aspects of linguistic knowledge emerge from a parkland watch of human cognitive abilities upon which they draw, rather than presume that they are produced in encapsulated modules of the mind.The Generalization Commitment has concrete consequences for studies of language. First, cognitive linguistic studies focus on what is common among aspects of language, seeking to re-use successful methods and explanations across these aspects. For instance, just as word meaning displays prototype effects there are better and worse examples of referents of given words, related in particular ways so confused studies dumbfound applied the same principles to the organization of morphology (e.g., Taylor, 2003), syntax (e.g., Goldberg, 1995), and phonology (e.g., Jaeger & Ohala, 1984).Generalizing successful explanations across domains of language isnt just a good scientific practice it is also the way biology works reusing existing structures for new purposes, both on evolutionary and developmental timescales. Second, cognitive linguistic approaches often pee-pee a upended, rather than a plane strategy to the study of language. Language can be seen as dispassionate of a case-hardened of distinct layers of organisation the sound structure, the set of words composed by these sounds, the syntactic structures these words are constitutive of, and so on.If we array these layers one on peak of the next as they unroll over time (like layers of a cake), then modular approaches are horizontal, in the sense that they take one layer and study it internally just as a horizontal slice of cake. Vertical approaches get a richer view of language by taking a vertical slice of language, which includes phonology, morphology, syntax, and of course a healthy dollop of semantics on top. A vertical slice of language is unavoi dably more complex in well-nigh ways than a horizontal one it is more wide-ranging and textured but at the same time it affords possible explanations that are simply unavailable from a horizontal, modular aspect.The stake commitment is termed the Cognitive Commitment (Lakoff 1990). It represents a commitment to providing a characterization of the general principles for language that accord with what is known about the mind and brain from other disciplines. It is this commitment that makes cognitive linguistics cognitive, and thus an approach which is fundamentally interdisciplinary in character.Just as the Generalization Commitment leads to the essay for principles of language structure that hold across all aspects of language, in a related manner, the Cognitive Commitment represents the view that principles of linguistic structure should reflect what is known about human cognition from the other cognitive and brain sciences, particularly psychology, artificial intelligence, c ognitive neuroscience, and philosophy. In other words, the Cognitive Commitment asserts that models of language and linguistic organization proposed should reflect what is known about the human mind, rather than purely aesthetic dictates such as the use of particular kinds of formalisms or economy of representation (see Croft 1998 for discussion of this last point).The Cognitive Commitment has a number of concrete ramifications. First, linguistic theories cannot include structures or processes that violate known properties of the human cognitive system. For instance, if accompanying derivation of syntactic structures violates time constraints provided by actual human language processing, then it must be jettisoned. Second, models that use known, existing properties of human cognition to explain language phenomena are more parsimonious than those that are built from a priori simplicity metrics.For example, quite a lot is known about human categorization, and a theory that reduces wo rd meaning to the same mechanisms responsible for categorization in other cognitive domains is simpler than one that hypothesizes a separate system for capturing lexical semantics. Finally, it is incumbent upon the cognitive linguistic investigateer to find convergent evidence for the cognitive reality of components of any proffered model or explanation.Having briefly set out the two key commitments of the cognitive linguistics enterprise, we now briefly map out the two, hitherto, best developed areas of the field. Cognitive linguistics practice can be roughly divided into two main areas o research cognitive semantics and cognitive (approaches to) grammar.The area of study known as cognitive semantics is concerned with investigating the race between look, the constructual system, and the semantic structure encoded by language. In specific terms, scholars working in cognitive semantics investigate knowledge representation ( judgmentual structure), and meaning construction (concept ualization). Cognitive semanticists book employed language as the lens through which these cognitive phenomena can be investigated. Consequently, research in cognitive semantics tends to be enkindle in modelling the human mind as much as it is concerned with investigating linguistic semantics. A cognitive approach to grammar is concerned with modelling the language system (the mental grammar), than the nature of mind per se.However, it does so by taking as its starting points the conclusions of work in cognitive semantics. This follows as meaning is key to cognitive approaches to grammar.4 It is critical to note that although the study of cognitive semantics and cognitive approaches to grammar are occasionally separate in practice, this by no means implies that their domains of inquiry are anything but tightly linked most work in cognitive linguistics finds it necessary to investigate both lexical semantics and grammatical organization jointly.As with research in cognitive semant ics, cognitive approaches to grammar have also typically adopted one of two foci. Scholars such as Ronald Langacker have emphasized the study of the cognitive principles that give rise to linguistic organization. In his theory of Cognitive Grammar, Langacker has attempted to delineate the principles that structure a grammar, and to relate these to aspects of general cognition.The irregular avenue of investigation, pursued by researchers including Fillmore and Kay, Lakoff),Goldberg and more recently Bergen and Chang (2005) and Croft (2002), aims to provide a more descriptively and officially detailed account of the linguistic units that comprise a particular language. These researchers attempt to provide a broad-ranging catalogue of the units of language, from morphemes to words, idioms, and phrasal patterns, and seek accounts of their structure, compositional possibilities, and relations.Researchers who have pursued this line of investigation are developing a set of theories that are collectively known as construction grammars. This general approach takes its name from the view in cognitive linguistics that the basic unit of language is a form-meaning pairing known as a symbolic assembly, or a construction.Cognitive semantics, like the replete-grownr enterprise of which it is a part, is not a unified framework. Those researchers who identify themselves as cognitive semanticists typically have a diverse set of foci and interests. However, there are a number of guiding principles that collectively characterize a cognitive approach to semantics. In this section we identify these guiding principles (as we see them). In section 5 we explore some of the major theories and research areas which have emerged under the banner of cognitive semantics. The four guiding principles of cognitive semantics are as follows i) Conceptual structure is collective (the embodied cognition thesis) ii) Semantic structure is conceptual structureiii) Meaning representation is encyc lopaediciv) Meaning construction is conceptualizationConceptual structure is embodiedDue to the nature of our bodies, including our neuro-anatomical architecture, we have a species-specific view of the world. In other words, our construal of reality is mediated, in large measure, by the nature of our embodiment. One example of the way in which embodiment affects the nature of experience is in the realm of color. While the human visual system has three kinds of photoreceptors (i.e., color channels), other organisms often have a different number.For instance, the visual system of squirrels, rabbits and possibly cats, makes use of two color channels, while other organisms, including goldfish and pigeons, have four color channels. Having a different range of color channels affects our experience of color in terms of the range of colors accessible to us along the color spectrum. roughly organisms can see in the infrared range, such as rattlesnakes, which hunt prey at nighttime and can visually detect the heat given off by other organisms.Humans are unable to see in this range. The nature of our visual apparatus one aspect of our embodiment determines the nature and range of our visual experience. The nature of the relation between embodied cognition and linguistic meaning is contentious. It is unambiguous that embodiment underspecifies which color terms a particular language will have, and whether the speakers of a given language will be interested in color in the first place (Saunders, 1995 Wierzbicka, 1996). However, the interest in understanding this relation is an important aspect of the view in cognitive linguistics that the study of linguistic meaning construction needs to be reintegrated with the contemporary study of human nature.The fact that our experience is embodied that is, structured in part by the nature of the bodies we have and by our neurological organization has consequences for cognition. In other words, the concepts we have access to and the nature of the reality we think and talk about are a function of our embodiment. We can only talk about what we can perceive and think, and the things that we can perceive and conceive derive from embodied experience. From this point of view, the human mind must bear the imprint of embodied experience. This thesis, central to cognitive semantics, is known as the thesis of embodied cognition. This position holds that conceptual structure (the nature of human concepts) is a consequence of the nature of our embodiment and thus is embodied. Semantic structure is conceptual structureThe second guiding principle asserts that language refers to concepts in the mind of the speaker rather than, directly, to entities which inhere in an objectively real external world. In other words, semantic structure (the meanings conventionally associated with words and other linguistic units) can be equated with conceptual structure (i.e., concepts). This representational view is directly at odds wit h the denotational perspective of what cognitive semanticists sometimes refer to as objectivist semantics, as exemplified by some formal approaches to semantics.However, the claim that semantic structure can be equated with conceptual structure does not mean that the two are identical. Instead, cognitive semanticists claim that the meanings associated with linguistic units such as words, for example, form only a subset of possible concepts. After all, we have many more thoughts, ideas and feelings than we can conventionally encode in language. For example, as Langacker (1987) observes, we have a concept for the place on our faces below our nose and above our mouth where moustaches go.We must have a concept for this part of the face in order to understand that the hair that grows there is called a moustache. However, there is no English word that conventionally encodes this concept (at least not in the non-specialist vocabulary of everyday language). It follows that the set of lexica l concepts, the semantic units conventionally associated with linguistic units such as words is only a subset of the full set of concepts in the minds of speaker-hearers.

Human Factor in Aviation Maintenance Essay

AbstractIn the aviation industry, gentle beingskindity misunderstanding is consider as a major factor in intimately aviation accidents. aid tasks that argon performed incorrectly or are overlooked by nutriment crew would vex adult male misunderstandings. Examples of human misconducts in sustainment are installation of incorrect split, essential checks not being performed and failed to install wanted parts. Among all aviation-related threats, errors made by guardianship crew are more difficult to detect and discombobulate the potential to remain dormant, affecting the safe operation of aircraft for longer duration. Although maintenance crews are responsible for their actions, organization problems also contributed to the threat of maintenance errors. Since it is not possible to eliminate all maintenance errors, introducing safety counseling systems (SMS) to aviation organizations mass help identify hazards and learn risk. humane factors issues in aviation maint enanceMaintenance tasks whitethorn be carried out in confined spaces, at heights, under burning heat or in freezing cold and worst of all, it is also physically demanding. Good communication, coordination, clerical and focusing skills are needed to perform well in this environment. Fault analysis and rectification have to be lick quickly in order to minimize turnaround time. In addition, there would be latent aro apply stress on maintenance personnel whose fake has been involved in aviation accidents.However dissimilar aircrafts, humans do not come with a set of instructional manuals that helps us to understand their military operation and capabilities. Each and every individual varies in many ways, hence one will never jockey how one maintenance task attributed to errors. Aviation industries become aware of many unpredictable accidents coming from human errors due to different contributing factors (Refer to suppose 1 for a vivid fiction on human error vs contributing facto rs) (Takahiro S, Terry L, William D, 2008)and have taken steps to implement preventive or control measures. Factors contributing to human errors in maintenanceStatistics have shown that 80% of errors are contributed due to human errors plot of land the remaining percentage is due to mechanical or other(a) failures. (Refer to mannequin 2 for a graphical object lesson on human error contribution percentile) (Strategic program plan, 2007) There is also a breakdown showing which type of maintenance activities having higher rate of human errors. (Refer to Table1, Frequency of Human error vs Type of maintenance activity) (Goldman, 2002)The Pear ModelFour important human factors of the Pear Model (Refer to Figure 5 for graphical illustration) are People who do the job, environment in which they work, actions they perform and resourcesnecessary to ended the job.PeopleHuman factors program focus on passel who perform the work and attend to physical,physiological, mental and psychosocia l factors. Organization must focus on individuals,their physical capabilities, mental state, cognitive size and circumstances that may affect theirinteraction with others. Factors like each person s size, age, eyesight, strength, endurance,experience, motivation and certification standards must be taken into consideration before eachperson is tasked to work. Sufficient breaks and rest periods must be cateredto find eachperson is not overload. Organization should encourage more teamwork and communicationsbetween colleagues so that work accomplished will be safe and efficient. Offering educationalprograms on health and fitness can help encourage good health and help cast down sick leave.Hence, a good human factors program will consider all the limitations of humans and designs thejob accordingly.EnvironmentPhysical workplace in the hanger/shop and organization environment are environmentsthat are focused on human factors program. Conditions like temperature, lighting, racket contro l,cleanliness, humidity and workplace design are considered physical environment. Cooperation,mutual respect, culture of the organization, communication, leadership, shared goals and shared set are important factors in an excellent organizational environment.ActionsThe standard human factors approach to identify skills, knowledge andattitudes toperform each task in a given job is called Job Task synopsis (JTA). It helps to identify whatinstructions, tools and other resources needed to perform each task. By following exactly to theJTA, each prole will be properly trained and each workplace will also has the necessaryequipment and other resources to perform the job.ResourcesResources are viewed from a broad angle, such as anything that is needed to get the jobaccomplished. Resources that are tangible are test equipment, tools, lifts, computers andtechnical manuals, and so forth. Amount of time given, level of communication among people ofdifferent levels, the number and qualificati ons of staff to complete a job are considered resourcesthat are less tangible. The most important element under resources is to identify the need foradditional resources.Accidents linked to maintenanceJapan Airlines line of achievement 123In August 1985, Japan Airlines feather 123 claimed the lives of 520 people when it crashed into a mountain. It was bound for a short flight of stairs from Tokyo to Osaka but at the altitude of 24,000ft, the aircraft suddenly lost control due to the failure of the evoke squelch bulkhead and caused the whole cabin to suffer a sudden decompression. The impact of the escaping air caused the separation of the perpendicular stabilizer, rudder, hydraulic lines and four pressurized hydraulic systems. Investigations revealed that the aircraft had encountered a tail strike incident a few days ago. The repair work done on the aft bulkhead did not comply with the OEM recommended procedure as ii doubler plates instead of a single plate were used to do t he splice. (Refer to Figure 3 for an illustration of the repair)Eastern Airlines Flight 855On May 5, 1983, Eastern Airlines flight 855 was on a flight from Miami, U.S. to Nassau, Bahamas. The plane carried a total of 172 people. While making a descend, the low oil pressure warning index number on the center engine lighted up. The flight crew shut-off the center engine and decided to fall back to Miami with the remaining two engines. On the way back to Miami, the aircrafts low oil pressure warning indicators for the remaining two engines lighted up followed by flamed out within minutes. Luckily the flight crew managed to re-start the center engine again after the aircraft descended from 13,000ft to 4,000ft without any power. After the aircraft landed safely at Miami airport with one engine, no live loss or injuries were claimed.The investigation board concluded the cause of the incident was due to all three magnetic chip detectors on the engines had been installed without O-ring (R efer to Figure 4 for an illustration of the Chip) causing oil to leak from the engines during flight. This accident could be avoided if the engineers involved were discipline and carried out the maintenance tasks professionally.British Airway Flight 5390On 10 June 1990, British Airlines flight 5390 was on a flight from Birmingham, England to Malaga, Spain. utterly at about 17,300ft, the left windscreen on the senior pilots side of the cockpit blew out from the cockpit. The captain was sucked out of his seat with half of his body hanging out of the plane and the other half resting on the flight controls. No lives were lost on this flight, but the captain suffered frostbite, bruising, andfractures to his sound arm, left thumb and right wrist while flight attendant who aided the captain suffered a dislocated shoulder, frostbitten depend and some frostbite damage to his left eye. Investigators found that the maintenance manager who worked on the windscreen had used incorrect bolts d uring a windscreen repair. Other issues highlighted were failed to check tolerance specification of the bolts, staffing shortage during night shift, parts storage and involvement of supervisors in hands-on maintenance work.Safety Management schemasA safety counsel system (SMS) is a systematic way to managing safety, policies, procedures, accountabilities, and including the necessary organisational structures. The objective of a Safety Management System is to provide a structured trouble approach to control safety risks in trading operations. Therefore in order to have an effective safety management, the organisations specific structures and processes related to safety of operations must be taken into account. safety management requires planning, organising, communicating and providing direction.The first step of the SMS progession begins with setting the organisational safety policy. It lay outs the strategy for achieving acceptable levels of safety within the organisation and d efines the principles upon which the SMS is built and operated. In order to palliate and limit risk during operations in the designed processes, safety planning and execution of safety management procedures are needed.Only with these controls in place, quality management techniques then can be utilised to mark the intended objectives are met by deployment of safety assurance and if fail, evaluation processes are needed to provide consecutive montioring of operations and for identifying areas of safety improvement. Furthermore, SMS also provides the organisational framework to set up and encourage the development of a plus safety culture.Finally, the implentation of SMS provides the organisations management a structured set of tools to meet their respomsibilites for safety delineate by the regulator.ConclusionAviation industries have realized that it is not possible to entirely eliminate maintenance errors but to take an approach to identify, correct and minimize the consequence s of those errors. And with the implementation of SMS, hazards could be identify and risks could be control. In conclusion, all these human factor studies help aviation industries to make continuous improvement and implementation of solutions to reduce maintenance errors.ReferencesStrategic program plan. (2007, August 01). Retrieved from http//libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/human-factors-in-aviation-maintenance/StrategicProgramPlan.pdf Takahiro Suzuki, Terry L. Von Thaden, William D. Geibel. (2008). Influence of time pressure on aircraft maintenance errors. Informally published manuscript, University of Illinois, Retrieved from http//www.aviation.illinois.edu/avimain/papers/research/pub_pdfs/miscconf/AAvPA_suzuki_final.pdf Micheal E. Maddox. (2007). Human factors. Daytona Beach, FL 32114 Embry-Riddle aeronautical University. Retrieved from http//libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/human-factors-in-aviation-maintenance/guide/chapter1.pdf LindaWerfelman. (2008, April). W orking to the limit. AeroSafety World, 3(4), 14-18. Retrieved from http//flightsafety.org/aerosafety-world-magazine/past-issues/aerosafety-world-april-2008 Colin G. Drury. (2007). Establishing a human factors/ergonomics program. Daytona Beach, FL 32114 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Retrieved from http//libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/human-factors-in-aviation-maintenance/guide/chapter2.pdf Hobbs, A. Australian Transport Safety Bureau, (2008). An overview of human factors in aviation maintenance (AR-2008-055). Retrieved from Australian Transport Safety Bureau website http//www.atsb.gov.au/media/27818/ar2008055.pdfSKYbrary. (2013, September 14). Safety Management System. Retrieved from http//www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Safety_Management_System James T. Burnette. (2007). Workplace safety. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical UniversityDaytona Beach, FL 32114. Retrieved from http//libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/human-factors-in-aviation-maintenance/guide/chapter3.pdf Miche al E. Maddox. (2007). Shiftwork and scheduling. Daytona Beach, FL 32114 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Retrieved from Micheal E. Maddox. (2007). Facility design. Daytona Beach, FL 32114 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Retrieved from http//libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/human-factors-in-aviation-maintenance/guide/chapter5.pdf James Reason. (2007). Human error. Daytona Beach, FL 32114 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Retrieved from http//libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/human-factors-in-aviation-maintenance/guide/chapter14.pdf FAA. (2012). Human Factors. Retrieved from http//www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/media/AMT_Handbook_Addendum_Human_Factors.pdf Terrell N. Chandler. (2007). Training. Daytona Beach, FL 32114 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Retrieved from http//libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/human-factors-in-aviation-maintenance/guide/chapter7.pdfFigure 1. Human error vs Contributing factors. (Takahiro S, Terry L, William D, 2008)Figure 2. Human error contribution percentile. (Strategic program plan, 2007)Table 1. Frequency of Human error vs Type of maintenance activity. (Goldman, 2002)Figure 3. Comparison of the correct and incorrect method of the doubler plate repair. (Hobbs, 2008)Figure 4. Location of O rings on magnetic chip detector. (Hobbs, 2008)Figure 5. The PEAR Model (FAA, 2012)

Autonomy in Death Essay

Physician- assist self-destruction is a controversial topic with only a few states having legitimateized it however, m some(prenominal) groups are advocating for its approval. Physician- help self-annihilation has estimable limitations that only allow a doctor to prescribe, non administer, a lethal dose of medication for a persevering who has been deemed terminally sickish with less than six months to live by two medicos. The prescription allows the patient of to choose both the timing and setting of wipeout and the physicians only role is cooking of medication. This gifts patients with indecorum in their death and relieves the doctor of any moral burden in participation with death keeping this action an honourable practice. Oregon was the first of few states to hit effectualized physician- aided suicide but I would like to argue its potential advantages to the entire joined States. Ball (2010) said, In Oregon the atomic number 53 state in the U.S. where assisted su icide is legal doctors are allowed to help only state residents who are anticipate to die within six months (p.1). Giving terminally giddy patients the power to choose a halcyon death demonstrates empathy toward the ill patients and their families.Terminally ill patients without this empowerment face the difficult choice of using special(a) resources to fire their lives if not stipulation the legal freedom to choose how and when they die. The autograph of Ethics for Nurses provision 1.4 is the beneficial to self-determination and it states that Respect for human dignity requires the information of specific patient yet ups, particularly, the pay off to self-determination. Self-determination, also cognise as autonomy, is the philosophical basis for informed consent in health care. Patients declare the moral and legal right to determine what will be d wizard with their induce person to be demon accurate, complete, and apprehensible information in a manner that facil itates an informed judgment to be assisted with weighing the benefits, burdens, and addressable options in their treatment to accept, refuse, or terminate treatment without deceit, undue influence, duress, coercion, or penalty and to be given up necessary support throughout the decisiveness-making and treatment process. Such support would include the opportunity to key decisions with family and substantive others and the provision of advice and support from knowledgeable nurses and other health professionals.Patient should be involved in be after their avouch health care to the extent they are able to choose to participate (American nurses association, 2001, p.148). Giving this added right to chose physician assisted suicide allows patients the autonomy described in the Nursing Code of Ethics. The purpose of this reputation is to argue that physician-assisted suicide is ethical and beneficial because it allows for patient autonomy. I would argue that by denying terminally il l people recourse to death with dignity via physician prescribed medication, they are inflicting their own brand of coercion and abuse. The concept of a merciful death motives to be part of this discussion. It is a sad gossip that our society responds to our pets terminal suffering to a greater extent humanely than to our fellow human beings end-of-life struggles(Death is best approached, 2012, p. 1). numerous feel that denying patients the right to choose is not advocating for their best interest and is a form of abuse. We wouldnt confide our ill family pet alive to suffer so why wouldnt we consider letting our love ones put themselves out of their misery in a peaceful way? The entire point is to give the public a choice. It would still be up to each individual to decide whether or not to work up that right if their physician deemed their situation appropriate.The Code of Ethics for Nurses says that Respect for human dignity requires the recognition of specific patient rights, particularly, the right of self-determination (American nurses association, 2001, p.148). This statement implies that the patient should adopt the right to make end of life decisions on their own. When terminal patients are in disquiet and suffering, they may not buzz off the stance or will to fight any longer. It is cruel to prolong a patients pain and suffering and deny their autonomy to make the decision of having a peaceful death. Also, it can be argued that when patients have their mind set on ending their lives, they tend to follow through on their own even if their physician cannot assist them. This may lead to a more traumatic death and a aspect that can be quite traumatizing for the family member or friend who finds their love ones remains. The ersatz is a prescribed medicine that the patient may take home, choosing the preferred place to die, to allow the patient to die peacefully without sustaining disfiguring injuries thus allowing them a more dignified burial if the family chooses to view the physical structure one last time.However, in most of the United States, physician-assisted suicide is still misbranded so very few Americans are afforded the right to choose to end their life when they are terminally ill. Because physician assisted suicide was brought to the publics attention as an option by the unconventional evasive action of Dr. Jack Kevorkian, the estimate of legalizing this was tainted from the embark onning, making many states hesitant to allow assisted suicide. Miller (2011) notes that Jack Kevorkian rose to issue prominence as Dr. Death, a physician who insisted that sometimes a doctors first duty to his patient was to help him die. The retired pathologist, who became an assisted suicide advocate claiming to have had a hand in one hundred thirty deaths in the 1990s, helped spark a national debate over euthanasia (p. A5). Jack Kevorkians tactics were questionable because he publicized the deaths of elderly, disabled, and terminally-ill patients using inhaled carbon dioxide or using his self-made suicide machine.Although the patients had asked for Dr. Kevorkians assistance to end their suffering by assisting in their suicide, he received a lot of interdict attention because he publicized his assistance in this process by encouraging CBS to broadcast a video of himself injecting a cocktail of lethal drugs into a patient suffering from Lou Gehrigs disease (Miller, 2011). After more than backlash from the public over the fact that he actually injected patients with lethal drugs, he developed a suicide machine which allowed the patient to press a button that ca utilize the machine to administer a assortment of sodium pentothal and potassium chloride which was first used on Janet Adkins, a 54 year gray-headed sufferer of Alzheimers disease (Miller, 2011). The last thing Janet Adkins said was, You just make my case known, Dr. Kevorkian told the Associated press out (Miller, 2011, p. A5). Although his tactics were extreme and caused a lot of public controversy, his patients wanted to end their suffering and his actions caused others to advocate for ethical standards to be put into place for legal physician assisted suicide while at the said(prenominal) time on the whole turning others away from the concept of legalizing euthanasia.Dr. Goodwin, a general practitioner, said he began advocating for the right to help terminally ill people die after listening to his patients (Miller, 2012). They want autonomy at this time, to be allowed to die at home with the foster and support of their families, Dr. Goodwin said in a 2001 wonder (Miller, 2012, p. 1). Because of the extreme tactics used by Jack Kevorkian, who initiated the debate on legalizing euthanasia, many people view those who advocate for the clients right of physician assisted suicide as cruel or lacking in empathy for patient and families. However, Peter Goodwin, a family physician who wrote and campaigned for Oregons ri ght-to-die law in the 1990s, died after taking a cocktail of lethal drugs prescribed by his doctor, as allowed under the legislation he championed. Dr. Goodwin, 83 years old, had been diagnosed with a degenerative brain disorder similar to Parkinsons disease and had been given less than six months to live.(Miller, 2012, p. 1).Dr. Goodwin believed in a patients autonomy in death so much that he chose to exercise his own rights in the same fashion in order to end his own suffering. In an interview with the Oregonian, the local newspaper in Oregon, Dr. Goodwin said that his health was deteriorating and he would shortly end his life. His family ga thered to bid him farewell. The situation quests thought, it doesnt need hope, he said. Hope is as well ephemeral at that time(Miller, 2012, p. 1). This understandably articulates the feelings of a terminally ill man towards the importance of autonomy in concern of his own death. End-of-life decisions are not arbitrary or impulsive. Why shou ldnt a person choose to end his or her life with dignity if it is obvious that all options for leading any kind of meaningful life are non-existent? I would think any modicum of compassion would respect such(prenominal) a momentous, personal decision. Suffering, physical and mental, and the anguish it causes should produce empathy for the patients wishes and desires, even if they run forebode to our own sense of rectitude. It is not about us. Its about the patients right of autonomy.We need to understand that it is ultimately his or her decision to make, not ours(Death is best approached, 2012, p. 1). In this statement, an unknown author evince the utmost sympathy for those suffering from terminal illness. Physician assisted suicide is ethical as it demonstrates compassion and empathy towards someone elses pain, suffering, and rights. There is nothing cruel about autonomy over the decision to die. These kinds of laws need to be considered using a deep emotional understanding of th e terminally ills feelings and problems. former(a) countries have legalized euthanasia and have less restrictive laws which allow them to provide services for foreigners. Because of this, if all United States citizens arent granted the autonomy they desire in their own country they will still be able to get the results they so desperately want but the outcome may be more painful to family members whose loved ones would end up dying in other countries and in less suitable conditions. Mr. Minelli, who is head of Dignitas, a Swiss company that provides euthanasia services only to foreigners, said that a memory board of his seriously ill grandmothers pleading in vain with her doctor to help her die left him with a particular interest in Switzerlands growing right-to-die touch onment, and he joined one of the main groups. In 1998, he quit to found Dignitas(Ball, 2010, p. 2).In 2008, his neighbors complaints forced Dignitas out of his rented apartment that he had been using to conduct t he assisted suicides and Zurich city officials refused permission for a new venue. In response to this Mr. Minelli nonionised suicides in cars, a hotel room, industrial sites, and his own home which drew the attention of local officials. Someone who is used to a five-star hotel cant come to Dignitas and expect the same, says Mr. Minelli(Ball, 2010, p. 2). Is it really beneficial to force terminally ill patients into a foreign country to a harsh environment to grant them the freedom to end their own lives? If terminally ill patients really want a physician assisted suicide, they will find other setting in which they can achieve one but allowing patients to have one in their own country optimizes the setting and allows for more family support near the time of death. It also saves the family the trouble of getting the body of a loved one from a foreign country after the time of death and allows the family to begin funeral arrangements sooner so that they can go through the stages of grieving that they need to in order to move forward with their own lives.This act of ending the life sooner also spares the family the pain of watching their loved one suffer longer than they want to. Another benefit to approving physician assisted suicide is that just know that the option is available can be therapeutic for terminal patients. Mr. Minelli argues that making assisted suicide available removes a taboo around suicide, helping people who want to kill themselves blossom a dialogue and seek help. About 70% of people who get the green light from Dignitas for an assisted suicide never contact the group again, proving the palliative effect of knowing help is available, he says(Ball, 2010, p. 2). This clearly proves that just knowing that euthanasia is an option is enough to help patients rock on with terminal illness. rase if a patient chooses never to exercise the right to a physician assisted suicide, the knowledge that they have an option for a way out of their sufferi ng is comforting in itself. Craig Ewert was a retired university professor who suffered from Amyotrophic asquint Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrigs disease.He decided to end his life because he wanted to make this decision before he lost the ability to decide his own fate, overcoming the resistance of his doctors (Ball, 2010). When youre completely paralyzed and cant talk, how do you let someone know you are suffering? he told a television interviewer before his death in September 2006. This could be a complete and give out hell (Ball, 2010, p. 3). Mr and Mrs. Ewerts were from the U.K. but they traveled to Switzerland and chose Mr. Minellis group, Dignitas, because it accepts foreigners. Mrs. Ewert said that had she not been able to travel to get her husband the assisted suicide services that he desired she may have been forced to help her husband die and she worried that she wouldnt have known exactly what to do (Ball, 2010). She defended Mr. Minelli saying Sure, there have to be s ome protections for people, but I think were going way beyond what there needs to be, I admire Minelli for being willing to take the heat (Ball, 2010, p. 3).Because Craig Ewert was allowed to make his own decision to die, his wife was spared the pressure that he may have put on her to help him end his life. Furthermore, had he been denied the right to make his own decision and his wife Mary had been coerced to help him commit suicide, there would have been extreme emotional and possibly even legal consequences to her action despite the fact that it was her husbands wish. This is a situation that may Americans are also threatened with because physician assisted suicide is illegal in most of the country. All United States citizens should be afforded the right to choose a physician assisted suicide if they have been deemed terminally ill because this freedom shows compassion and empathy towards the patients suffering. If patients arent allowed to licitly choose death here, they may tra vel to another(prenominal) country to receive services or chose to carry out suicide on their own.If patients chose to take matters into their own hands this would be harder on the patient as the death would probably not be as peaceful as the lethal injection that the physician would prescribe and if would also be harder on the patients loved ones. If patients decide to go to another country to achieve the death they desire they would lose the privilege of dying in their own comfort zone and the distance would make the death harder on the family to make funeral arrangements and move on with their own lives.The Code of Ethics for Nurses stated that Respect not just for the specific decision but also for the patients method of decision-making is consistent with the principle of autonomy (American nurses association, 2001, p.149). Regardless of whether or not we understand an individuals motive for seeking a physician assisted suicide, nurses should support the autonomy that patients needs to make this choice on their own. Giving terminally ill patients autonomy in their death, by making physician assisted legal for every United States citizen, is only giving patients additional rights that they may or may not chose to exercise and is the most compassionate way to show empathy for those who are dying.